149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R /GS7 27 0 R 11 0 obj . continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts /Name /F2 Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. traits associated with the stereotype. 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 /ExtGState << [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} /F1 21 0 R >> [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. Multiple Knowing Processes | SpringerLink This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. << /Type /Group endobj How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. /Author (Fiske) -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /Type /Page Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Please select the correct language below. Social cognition// Heuristics Flashcards by Ellie Brown - Brainscape [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /FirstChar 32 Barr . Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. << /ParentTree 19 0 R >> Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. /Parent 2 0 R %PDF-1.3 /Font << What are its three components of prejudice? Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known /CS /DeviceRGB Everything you always wanted to know. I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. >> [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>orgnaive scientist vs cognitive miser - canorthrup.com What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? /StructParents 1 /ParentTreeNextKey 13 Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. /Contents 38 0 R >> What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? /CA 1 2 0 obj<>stream 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. /Tabs /S Describe his findings. /Contents 41 0 R >> /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 >> CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>comThe Need to be Right Part II Aaron Cheng [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. >> >> /F1 21 0 R -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. students and group work, are you assertive? It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. What Is Cognitive Miser? | Ifioque.com 5 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /Type /Group 18 . [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. >> 2011 . << q*15Q[7t. DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground /Tabs /S PDF Chapter 1: Introduction - SAGE Publications Inc >> if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C << -Differs: /Group << >> /F1 21 0 R concept, type of stimulus). /Type /Group Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. Contents. Social Cognitive Psychology : History and Current Domains - Google Books 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 stream 500 0 0 389 278] 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. /Type /Page Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. /ExtGState << << /GS7 27 0 R /GS8 28 0 R >> << What is diffusion of responsibility? ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others /Type /Group The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. What is what? stream Chapter 3 Flashcards | Chegg.com If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman /CS /DeviceRGB 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R >> << -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /ExtGState << /Tabs /S 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] /Chartsheet /Part Week 3 Social Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. -2008 first black president social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert /CS /DeviceRGB who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. What is the dual process model of persuasion? The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. . Fugelsang . /Type /Page . -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. [9][pageneeded]. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. /BaseFont /Times-Roman If not, give a counterexample. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices." -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . /Resources << On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. << endobj >> /GS7 27 0 R Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. Solved Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective - Chegg /GS7 27 0 R /GS8 28 0 R Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, Unfortunately for this moral responsibility refuge, natural science has now scouted this cognitive corner. How does a "flawed scientist" reason? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] What is situated social cognition? You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . /Type /Page /Resources << /CS /DeviceRGB 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 20 . /F2 22 0 R Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. /Type /ExtGState >> /F3 23 0 R The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. /Resources << membership. /GS7 27 0 R self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. >> Jennifer A. . Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. endobj On what dimensions do cultures differ? /FontDescriptor 363 0 R /F3 23 0 R /Type /Font [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /Tabs /S -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. Stolz . That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding endobj -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 7,000 & 6,000 \\ Gordon Pennycook . as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. Psych Guide #11 - Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. Social Psychology: A Very Short Introduction - Oxford Academic 5 0 obj >> /Parent 2 0 R Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. /S /Transparency Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o /StructParents 8 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /F4 24 0 R /F3 23 0 R Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Aug 2016. [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. 2 0 obj In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /Annots [51 0 R] /Type /Font Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". /Resources << 260 0 R 261 0 R] -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups That's it. /CS /DeviceRGB Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . /Type /Group Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R endobj Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. /CS /DeviceRGB Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s).
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