Thus, we estimated total deaths in 2021, inclusive of COVID-19 deaths, as \({\,}_nD_x = ({\,}_nK_x - \,_nD_x^{COV})({\,}_n^ \ast M_x) + \,_nD_x^{COV}\), where \({\,}_nD_x\) is the number of deaths estimated to occur in 2021 in the age range x to x + n; \({\,}_nK_x\) is the population at risk in the age range x to x + n; \({\,}_n^ \ast M_x\) are age-specific mortality rates in the absence of COVID-19 (assumed to be 2019 mortality rates); and \({\,}_nD_x^{COV}\) is the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths. Nat Med 27, 16291635 (2021). Internet Explorer). Article Castro, M. C. et al. Andrady, A. L. Rochman, C. M. Microplastics research-from sink to source. Inqurito Nacional sobre Insegurana Alimentar no Contexto da Pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil. 166, 108304 (2020). Degrad. In contrast, few studies have examined recycling of the sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent polymers. For e65, the decline in 2021 was estimated at 1.05 years for both sexes (Fig. B Biol. We found a 15.3% and 15.1% decrease in GWP when replacing the industrial route with either the 1min or 2min sonication scenario, respectively, and an impressive 21.5% decrease when sonication was avoided altogether. 4 0 obj US Patent 9,321,868 B2 (April 26, 2016). Preston, S., Heuveline, P. & Guillot, M. Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes (Wiley-Blackwell, 2000). Chazovachii, P. T., Somers, M., Alfaro, J., McNeil, A. J. Chem. Lancet 396, 367368 (2020). Reaction conditions for base-mediated and acid-catalyzed decrosslinking reactions with LCA comparison. We argue that, in the case of COVID-19 in Brazil, the rebound will not happen in 2021, and the pre-pandemic trajectory of annual gains in e0 will likely slow down. Get the latest from your favourite shows on National Geographic US Provisional Patent Application No. 8,17). Reaction conditions and yields for acid-catalyzed esterification of poly(acrylic acid), acetic acid, and undecanoic acid. 1d). Chem. Because in-hospital COVID-19 deaths represent 89% of all COVID-19 deaths reported in 2021, we use them to proxy for the agesex distributions of all COVID-19 deaths. Google Scholar. Reduction in life expectancy in Brazil after COVID-19, \({\,}_nD_x = ({\,}_nK_x - \,_nD_x^{COV})({\,}_n^ \ast M_x) + \,_nD_x^{COV}\), $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = \frac{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{D}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{D}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = {\boldsymbol{e}}^{\left( {\frac{1}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}\, \ast \,\log \left( {{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}} \right)} \right)}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = 1 - {\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{a}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = {\boldsymbol{n}} + \frac{1}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}} \ast \frac{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}} \ast ({\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{a}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} - {\boldsymbol{n}})$$, $${\,}_\infty {\boldsymbol{a}}_{90} = {\,}_\infty ^ \ast {\boldsymbol{a}}_{90}\, \ast _\infty {\boldsymbol{R}}_{90}$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z. Brasil, Grandes Regies e Unidades da Federao 2010. in Estudos e Pesquisas. In both countries, the pandemic response in 2020 was disparate regionally, with lamentable national coordination3,4, resulting in a high and unequal mortality burden5,6. Proc. Bjrn, A., Owsianiak, M., Molin, C. & Laurent, A. in Life Cycle Assessment: Theory and Practice; (eds) Hauschild, M. Z., Rosenbaum, R. K., Olsen, S. I. (UHe&+IW6rQIG nD!? Second, we calculated cause-deleted life tables for 2020 (DT20), which examine the consequences of eliminating COVID-19 mortality from 2020 deaths44. Fagnani, D. E. et al. This year's call for the 2021 is open to two areas and their sub-programmes: 1. Unfortunately, most used diapers sit in landfills without substantial biodegradation, or are incinerated. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Effect of economic recession and impact of health and social protection expenditures on adult mortality: a longitudinal analysis of 5565 Brazilian municipalities. To the extent that correction factors are approximately equal for 2019 and 2020, our estimates are not seriously affected by missing deaths. In any recycling effort, it is essential that a life cycle assessment27 is performed to determine the energy and environmental costs. When we started back in 1995, we were the first company in the world to provide a new kind of electricity- the green kind. Faria, N. R. et al. Teikti paraik ia. J. Phys. To compute the total persons-years lived for 2020, we added the monthly contributions. Moreover, the life cycle assessments, which utilized soiled diapers as the starting point, demonstrated that these open-loop recycling methods outperform the conventional routes from petroleum-derived feedstocks on nearly every metric, including for the key LCA metrics of global warming potential and cumulative energy demand. & van der Schaar, M. Ethnic and regional variations in hospital mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil: a cross-sectional observational study. Commission has launched on 17 May 2022 the LIFE Programme Calls for proposals. 10, 4153 (2021). 9, 407418 (2021). Closed-loop chemical recycling via depolymerization to monomer is also not currently feasible for these superabsorbent materials because side-chain degradation outcompetes depolymerization. The estimated decline for Brazil was 0.94 years for both sexes, 0.66 years for females and 1.17 years for males. CAS Stab. 4d). Most consumer PSA-based products are found in either quadrant 3 or the central region (e.g., office tape, sticky notes, bandages, and removable labels), which is signified by low-to-medium G and G. Waste Manag. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Our results quantify the effect of the COVID-19 death toll on life expectancy in Brazil. Lancet Glob. Barberia, L. G. & Gmez, E. J. and N.G. https://doi.org/10.25561/78670 (Imperial College London, 2020). and C.M.T. Governors in that region imposed the most rigorous measures of physical distancing, in direct opposition to recommendations from the President14. We offer five reasons as to why. Polym. Sci. Pract. Silveira, M. F. et al. https://www.fatersmart.com/ - (Accessed May 1, 2021). We created data visualizations in R, ArcMap version 10.8 (ESRI) and Adobe Illustrator CS6. b, Gap (in years) in state e0 and e65 in 2019 and 2020, calculated as the difference between the largest and smallest life expectancy among states (Methods). Commercial polymers are ubiquitous, with a global annual production of approximately 368 million metric tons1, with about 75% of plastics disposed of after a single use2. FaterSMART. The aim of the project is the conservation of Caretta caretta, in the western Mediterranean basin, from threats related to human disturbance in the nesting sites. The LIFE programme is structured in two fields - Environment and Climate Action - and it contributes to these priorities through its four sub-programmes: Environment field: 1. The data required to reproduce the results presented in this paper are available at https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/data. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/14/brazil-manaus-amazonas-covid-coronavirus (2021). For 2021, as the base case scenario, we calculated the number of deaths that would occur in the absence of COVID-19 (\({\,}_n^ \ast D_x\)). It is also the case that the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 could encompass secular changes unrelated to the pandemic. The superabsorbent polymer provided by P&G is a sodium poly(acrylate) crosslinked via ~0.05mol% poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate co-monomer (PAAP&G)30. 2b). 3, e1700782 (2017). We estimated reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19, for each state and sex, from the difference between the 2020 period life table and the DT20 estimates (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4), between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2020 (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6) and between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). Part B 52, 873896 (2013). Previous studies used this approach to estimate life tables in the presence of COVID-19 (refs. Several routes for converting the polyacrylic acid into a polyacrylate were compared. One of the pitfalls of diaper recycling pilots is the low demand for recovered diaper materials, which depreciates the environmental potentiality of such endeavors14. XWPH.c0vyT0GA&AEO_18Py7%ZN&d"h%I.[Al} xlTBbp~VXaUL|y17 A more limited version of the basic income program was re-established in April 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z. 29, 233246 (1990). Rocha, R. et al. Projects focussing exclusively on governance are excluded from this Call topic and covered by the related Call topic LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV. We estimated a reduction of 1.31 years in e0 from 2019 to 2020 (Fig. {o"yQr8"2ioFq[V LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. VIGISAN. To obtain is supported by the National Institute on Aging (grant no. 2. To avoid inconsistencies between life tables estimated for 2019 and 2020, we applied the same methodology to 2019. Between 1945 and 2020, e0 in Brazil increased from 45.5 years to 76.7 years10, an average of almost 5 months per calendar year. 15), producing the relatively small estimates of life expectancy decline. C.M.T. 3a). Zekry, M., Nassar, I., Salim, H. & Abdallah, A. 5). Therefore, our estimates would not be seriously affected by missing deaths unless a different pattern of errors emerges in 2020. Hong, M. & Chen, E. Y.-X. 3 0 obj (ed.) & Shamanin, V. V. Chain degradation under low-intensity sonication of polymer solutions in the presence of filler: Mechanism of ultrasonic degradation of flexible chain macromolecules. Eng. J. Adhes. JAMA 324, 510513 (2020). When acetic acid was reacted with 2-ethylhexanol/water, we observed a 94% conversion. Castro, M.C., Gurzenda, S., Turra, C.M. Ohara, T. et al. Moreover, the route involving just decrosslinking and esterification (i.e., no sonication) has the potential to be industrially scalable, providing a sustainable solution to a longstanding waste problem. H2SO4 with heating (Fig. M.C.C. Demography 43, 647657 (2006). The change in the Helmholtz free energy of esterification for these two steps (A) was found to be 0.70.1kcal/mol. 28, 434439 (2003). Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, P. Takunda Chazovachii,Michael T. Robo,E. Neil G. Marsh,Paul M. Zimmerman&Anne J. McNeil, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Materials Science InnovationCorporate R&D, The Procter & Gamble Co., West Chester, OH, USA, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, You can also search for this author in Second, we used deaths from all causes by age, sex, cause of death and state of residence provided by the Mortality Information System from the Ministry of Health for 2019 (n=1,345,543) and 2020 (n=1,541,556). Correspondence to Due to these challenges, the focus has been on re-use of recovered materials, rather than recycling; for example, the recovered superabsorbent polymers have been explored for enhancing the water retention properties of soil21,22. The magnitude of the COVID-19 death toll was not homogenous across states and was associated with the pattern of spread18. While catalytic depolymerization methods20 can, in principle, proceed without side-chain degradation, they have not yet been demonstrated for commercial sources of polyacrylic acid. J. defined the methodology. 123, 116129 (2019). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles However, for a given year, we can identify states with the largest reductions. U.S. Patent Application 2021/0054161 A1 (February 25, 2021). Hayes, R. L., Armacost, K. A., Vilseck, J. Expected Impact . Res. We show that life expectancy in the presence of COVID-19 is equivalent to levels observed in Brazil as far back as 20 or more years in some states. Expected Impact : Applicants are expected to define, calculate, explain and achieve ambitious and credible impacts in terms of conservation benefit, ensuring at the same time long term sustainability and .
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