Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Cinnioglu C, King R, Kivisild T et al. The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the Caucasus Mountains area. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. G-M406* (G2a2b1*; previously G2a3a*) and its subclades seem most commonly found in Turkey and the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean where it can constitute up to 5% of all makes and 50% of haplogroup G samples. Forensic Sci Int-Gen 2007; 1: 287290. Specifications for most markers have been previously reported,1, 17, 28 ISOGG 2011 (http://www.isogg.org/tree/). The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. The coalescence age estimate of 9400 years for P16 coincides with the early Holocene (Supplementary Table S4). Article Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. Artefactual values below 0% values were not depicted. Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. Pericic M, Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Janicijevic B, Rudan P : Review of croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. We genotyped binary markers following PCR amplification, by either Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography, RFLP analysis, Taqman assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) or direct Sanger sequencing methodology. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. This is likely due to a local founder effect.[40]. Y-DNA Haplogroup G-M201 - Marres The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. Summary. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site, near Les Planes d'Hostoles, in Catalonia, Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 5000 BCE. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. The new phylogenetic and phylogeographic information provides additional insights into the demographic history and migratory events in Eurasia involving hg G. The present study comprises data from 98 populations totaling 17577 individuals, of which 1472 were members of hg G. The haplogroup frequency data are presented in Supplementary Table S1. suggested that: "We estimate that the geographic origin of haplogroup G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. See: Poznik. ), Ancient G-M201s with sequencing[self-published source?] In Europe west of the Black Sea, Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Origin. Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 485493. [5] Cinnioglu et al. Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I et al. Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). JD and JC were supported by ANR program AFGHAPOP No BLAN07-9_222301. Moreover, the accuracy and validity of the evolutionary rate has been independently confirmed in several deep-rooted Hutterite pedigrees.34 Furthermore pedigree rate-based estimates cannot be substantiated, as they are often inconsistent with dateable archeological knowledge, for example, as clearly illustrated regarding the peopling of the Americas.35 Coalescent times based on 10 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461-TAGA counts) and the median haplotypes of specific hg G sub-haplogroups are presented in Supplementary Table S4. It is notable that tzi the 5300-year-old Alpine mummy was derived for the L91 SNP and his autosomal affinity was nearest to modern Sardinians.28, The G2a2-M286 lineage is very rare, so far detected only in some individuals in Anatolia and the South Caucasus. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G-M201&oldid=1139571590, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33, Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 20:17. If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a2b1. Iceman tzi, known to have been a haplogr. Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Feldman MW : Difference between evolutionarily effective and germ line mutation rate due to stochastically varying haplogroup size. Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. SD was also calculated for the age estimates according to the following formula: 25/1000 (ASD0 variance)/0.00069. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG : Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. [21] In a study of 936 Indians, haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested Northwestern Indian population. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. [2][37], Ancient DNA identified as G-PF3359 has been found at archaeological sites in: Hungary (the subclade G-F872*), dated at 7,500 years before present (BP); Hungary (subclade G-F1193*) 7,150 BP, and; Spain (G-PF3359*) 4,700 BP.[2]. Armenian DNA Project - News | FamilyTreeDNA What is the geographic and historic origin of Y-DNA haplogroups The SNP L177 (a.k.a. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. Moreover, these general frequencies mostly consist of two notable lineages. However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. [26][27] Among the Druze mostly residents of Israel 10% were found to be haplogroup G.[28], Around 10% of Jewish males are Haplogroup G.[citation needed], In Africa, haplogroup G is rarely found in sub-Saharan Africa or south of the horn of Africa among native populations. 25 and 0.00069 denote the assumed average generation time in years and the effective mutation rate, respectively, and 1000 is used to convert the result of the equation (into thousands of years). Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. The network was obtained using the biallelic markers P303, M426, L497, U1, M527 and 19 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461 (TAGA counts), DYS385a,b, DYS437, DYS438, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, YGATAH4). Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM et al. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. A network analysis of representative hg G-P16 Y-STR haplotypes reveals a diffuse cluster (Supplementary Figure S2). Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 873882. Conversely, hg G is present in Northeast Caucasus only at an average frequency of 5% (range 019%). [39], Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. The genetic variation in the R1a clade among the Ashkenazi - Nature The identification of a new SNP can necessitate renaming of one or more categories. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 443454. Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. Although the phylogenetic resolution within hg G has progressed,1, 17 a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of significant hg G sub-clades has not been conducted. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. Haplogroup | Your past through your genes Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. Haplogroup G represents one of the first peoples in Europe. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK . Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. In contrast to its widely dispersed sister clade defined by P303, hg G-M406 has a peak frequency in Cappadocia, Mediterranean Anatolia and Central Anatolia (67%) and it is not detected in most other regions with considerable P303 frequency. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. SR thanks the Estonian Science Foundation for grant 7445 and M Metspalu for grant 8973. The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13. [43] L240 was identified in 2009. Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. Thus, G2a3a-M406, along with other lineages, such as J2a3b1-M92 and J2a4h2-DYS445=616, may track the expansion of the Neolithic from Central/Mediterranean Anatolia to Greece/Italy and Iran. The coalescent times (Td) of various haplogroups were estimated using the ASDo methodology described by Zhivotovsky et al,32 modified according to Sengupta et al.13 We used the evolutionary effective mutation rate of 6.9 104 per 25 years, as pedigree rates are arguably only pertinent to shallow rooted familial pedigrees,33 as they do not consider the evolutionary consequences of population dynamics including the rapid extinction of newly appearing microsatellite alleles. These five major sub-clades of the G2 branch show distinct distribution patterns over the whole area of their spread. Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM et al. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. To obtain A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. G2a was found in medieval remains in a 7th- century CE high-status tomb in Ergolding, Bavaria, Germany, but G2a subclades were not tested.[34]. Article Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G. There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. [23] About 6% of the samples from Sri Lanka and Malaysia were reported as haplogroup G, but none were found in the other coastal lands of the Indian Ocean or Pacific Ocean in Asia. The extreme rarity of G-M377 in northern Pakistan could indicate that G2b in this area originates outside the region and was brought there in the historic period, perhaps from further west (Pakistan was part of both the Achaemenid Persian Empire, conquered by Alexander the Great, and then formed a part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom). In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%. Origins and history of European Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). Origin and Migrations of Haplogroup G-M201 The first man to carry haplogroup G-M201 likely lived in southwestern Asia or the Caucasus between 46,000 and 54,000 years ago. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. Internet Explorer). Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Until 2008, new G SNPs were reported from labs at the University of Arizona (P designations), Stanford University (M designations) or the University of Central Florida (U designations). The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. The expansion time of G-M406 in Anatolia is 12800 years ago, which corresponds to climatic improvement at the beginning of the Holocene and the commencement of sedentary hunter-forager settlements at locations, such as Gobekli Tepi in Southeast Anatolia, thought to be critical for the domestication of crops (wheat and barley) that propelled the development of the Neolithic. The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). G1 is possibly believed to have originated in Iran. Haplogroup G-M201 | Familypedia | Fandom Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Almost all haplogroup G1 persons have the value of 12 at short tandem repeat (STR) marker DYS392 and all will have the M285 or M342 SNP mutation which characterizes this group.
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