Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. Section D. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. D. espite the countr. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. [7], President Mengistu's 1990 decision to allow free movement of goods, to lift price controls, and to provide farmers with security of tenure was designed to reverse the decline in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. Title. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . In addition to red meat, there are emerging opportunities in chicken, egg, and dairy production and processing. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. Download. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. Private . The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. This can be attributed to two factors. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. . In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. J. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Kassaye Tolassa . As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . Section D. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . Agriculture >. This site contains PDF documents. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. major pulse crops grown in the country are chickpea, haricot beans, lentils, fababean and peas, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church traditionally has forbidden consumption of animal fats on many days of the year. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. The most important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), Pulses, oil seeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Agriculture in Ethiopia. 27 May 2021. Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. Agriculture. Agriculture. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan Search term. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. Wubne, Mulatu. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. The Blue Nile River. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. "National Statistical Abstract. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . Advanced Search Citation Search . The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. "Agriculture" (and subsections). This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. Practically all animals are range-fed. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. fINTENSIVE FARMING. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. With the GOE looking to partially liberalize the wheat import market, local millers are beginning to explore opportunities to import wheat directly. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. [5] Ethiopia's livestock population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and in 20062007 livestock accounted for 10.6% of Ethiopia's export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. 133 8.5.2. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Cookies on OCLC websites. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage.
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