He's not. At his New Year's address, he said the country would work towards denuclearization and promised not to continue weapons testing. The W76-2 was sold toCongressand the public on precisely these kinds of scenarios, Kristensen said. So while we all live under a nuclear "sword of Damocles," Schwartz added, people in big cities like New York and Los Angeles most likely shouldn't worry about being struck by a nuclear weapon. At the outset, it would require a direct military clash of some magnitude between Russia and NATO, Kristensen said. Proponents of the W76-2 point to the Cold War as evidence that the U.S. can show restraint with nuclear weapons, even when their capabilities are vast, according to the Congressional Research Service. as well as other partner offers and accept our. But at what cost to nuclear stability, critics ask? 50% of Hiroshima survived without any preparations, though many were very sick. But, if you have an existing basement the best way to achieve total privacy without a permit or inspection, is to build a concealed shelter within the basement. In addition, the ventilation pipes emerge from the ground and are subject to tampering or blocking. British Health Secretary Matt Hancock in . The W76-2 warhead was born on paper inFebruary 2018, on page 18 of former PresidentDonald Trumps100-page unclassified Nuclear Posture Review. But there are ways even ordinary Americans. Russia has an estimated 2,000 small, low-yield, tactical nuclear weapons that could be used against specific targets like a concentration of troops, a military base, perhaps a port or an air . "There is no nuclear weapon technology that doesn't pose a risk to human and ecological health," Danielle Endres, an environmental communication professor at the University of Utah, told Newsweek. ET: This article was updated to include additional comments from Alex Wellerstein. New Allegations Against Andrew Callaghan , How the Late Jonathan Raban Taught Us to Not Laugh at the Possibility of George Santos Becoming President, All Aboard! Are you living in a nuclear target area? Russiamay also rely on threats of limited nuclear first use, or actual first use, to coerce us, our allies, and partners into terminating a conflict on terms favorable toRussia, according to the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review. What would be the immediate impact and how far would the radiation zone extend? But in the waters off the Kitsap Peninsula, an important shift between nuclear-armed nations was taking shape. Putin also said that Russia should stand ready to resume nuclear weapons tests if the U.S. does so, a move that would end a global ban on such tests in place since the Cold War era. Trumps most ambitious nuclear decision was creation of the W76-2 warhead, carried primarily on subs based at Bangor, which cover the Pacific Ocean, and Kings Bay, Georgia, whose Atlantic fleet covers the current conflict zone in Ukraine. An all-out nuclear war would likely involve more. Oh, wait. SEATTLE A Russian state television broadcaster asserts that one of his country's top targets for attack in the event of nuclear war would be a 4,700-acre site east of Arlington that. Some analysts have seen his approach as a tactic to try to re-engage the United States in talks about the strategic balance between the two powers, for which Moscow has long pushed, with mixed results. There is no clear answer as to whether the US could withstand a nuclear attack from Russia. If Poseidon can indeed trigger enormous radioactive tsunamis, the torpedoes could have a huge impact on marine life, as well as human life. Keep in mind too that even Russian and Chinese war doctrine doesnt include nuking American cities on a first strike, despite the verbal threats. For example, Immediately to the West of Seattle, which has multiple nuclear targets around Puget Sound including the Trident submarine base, you would probably need a PF of 1000 to shield against several inches of radioactive dust on your roof. Correction 05/16/22, 10:31 a.m. This bomb was 26 feet in length, weighed nearly 60,000 pounds, and was tested in 1961, creating what was apparently the most powerful human-created explosion in history. Much of the focus as of late has been on the risk of Russian President Vladimir Putin using a nuclear weapon in Ukraine in a desperate move to change his army's forturnes on the battlefield, but the Russian leader has also directed warnings at the US and NATO. On Tuesday, Adm. Chas Richard, head of U.S. Strategic Command, which oversees the military side of the U.S. nuclear weapons program, testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee about Russian and Chinese nuclear forces. The US has strategically positioned the bulk of its nuclear forces, which double as nuclear targets, far from population centers. But theres concern from critics of the W76-2, including Smith, that its utility in responding to a limited nuclear strike would quickly escalate into full-blown nuclear war, killing up to 100 million people across the globe almost immediately, according to some estimates, and setting the stage for widespread famine and displacement that could kill countless more. It all looks clear. What color areas are safest and which are marginally safe? By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider 3) Long-term famine and Social Unrest: This gets into full swing within 3 days of an attack and may last more than a year depending on how quickly parts of the grid can come back up and how well industry can re-establish supplies lines. In reality, they intend to nuke US and NATO military facilities first and blackmail the West into submission. It would take many steps of escalation for Ukraine to turn into a nuclear exchange involving Russia and the U.S., according to Hans Kristensen, who closely tracks nuclear forces worldwide at the nonprofit Federation of American Scientists in Washington, D.C. Install all that after the occupancy permit is granted. The basement shelter avoids all of those disadvantages since you access it and stock it with supplies from within your home. With tensions rising over Russian fears that the United States might deploy intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Europe as a Cold War-era arms-control treaty unravels, Putin has said Russia would be forced to respond by placing hypersonic nuclear missiles on submarines near U.S. waters. Dont believe the hype about Iran or North Korea doing an EMP strike. Poseidon, if it is ever deployed, would likely be less destructive to human life than a land-based nuclear bomb, however, due to the differences between the atmosphere and the ocean in terms of fallout. If even a handful of weapons escape, the stuff you missed will be coming back at you.". No one can view any of that activity. If it's moved into a harbor and detonated very close offshore, it would certainly be able to destroy a city. If you dont have a basement, youll have to do four block walls inside an above ground room to get the sidewall protection. from around the world. Once a nuclear weapon is used, we cannot promise our response will be proportional.. Then stack 3 levels solid 4 concrete blocks on top of that makeshift ceiling. My argument was that crossing a line to intentionally initiate use of nuclear weapons is pretty unimaginable except in existential circumstances, and it's not really plausible . But it probably wouldn't damage much beyond that, and it certainly wouldn't do as much damage as a large nuclear airburst. Below are some rough estimates for an airburst detonation of the Tsar Bomba at 13,000 feet above the following cities, according to the simulator: Wellerstein stresses that the NUKEMAP model can only provide estimates and is only is good as the data it relies onwhich is to say, not perfect. Poseidon can also be fitted with a conventional warhead, according to a Congressional Research Service report from last year, which said the system may not be deployed until 2027. Read More , A prudent person foresees the danger ahead and takes precautions. That way the vents are protected from view and tampering. The tsunami threats may not even come to fruition if Poseidon were used, as the enormous amounts of energy actually required to trigger a tsunami may not be achieved by the nuclear torpedoes. Sign up for notifications from Insider! Instead, its utility in the conflict in Ukraine is to respond if Russia uses a small nuke first. A top US arms control official has sharply criticized Russia for suspending participation in the last remaining nuclear weapons treaty, but said Washington will try to work with Moscow to. You need less shielding the farther you are away from an explosion since radioactive dust starts to fall out from the sky closest to the detonation and only the finer high altitude particles travel longer distances, depending on the wind direction. But, further to the West in Idaho, the radioactive dust from Seattle would be a fraction of that, requiring much less shielding. It appears to me that the targets in many cases are a hundred miles or more from the dot in many cases. That has fostered optimism among some nuclear scholars and key members ofCongressthatRussiaandthe United Stateswill keep their nukes holstered. Nuclear protection purists would demand a reduction in radiation that is almost total requiring 13.8 feet of water, 10 feet of earth, 6 feet of concrete, or about 1.3 feet of leada Protection Factor (PF) of a billion, all of which are very costly to achieve. Proponents of the W76-2 point to the Cold War as evidence that theU.S.can show restraint with nuclear weapons, even when their capabilities are vast, according to theCongressional Research Service. In a basement, that would involve building two addition stacked walls of concrete block (6ft high and 8ft across) into a corner of a room away from any window, but leaving a 24 entryway. Tactical nuclear weapons are much smaller than the strategic long-range warheads designed to destroy cities, but power is relativethe largest tactical weapons can be as big as 100 kilotons (1 . ), Urban Survival Basics: How to Survive in the City When Disaster Strikes, The Best Urban Survival Kits and Get Home Bags For Preppers, Economic devastation is coming prepare NOW, Disaster Preparedness for EMP Attacks and Solar Storms, Where is the safest place to be in Tennessee if a nuclear war happened. "There's an enormous amount of variables in pulling off an attack like this flawlessly, and it would have to be flawless. Russia's total nuclear stockpile is larger than the United States', at around 6,250 total nuclear warheads, according to the Arms Control Association. It will be tight, but at least youll survive. Despite objections in Congress, primarily from Democrats, and arms control experts, the warhead was rushed into production in just 14 months and for a total of $94.6 million, according to the Congressional Research Service. To stave off any gains that advantage Ukraine, Putin has bracketed the conflict with political red lines that threaten to tip the nuclear balance: No NATO combatants, no no-fly zone and no aerial intervention from neighboring states. Russian envoy says nuclear powers may clash over Ukraine; H ow you can help the people of Ukraine; The indictment says that since 2020, they conspired to evade U.S. export laws by concealing and . There is no such thing as a tactical nuclear weapon, Smith said, referring to the alternate name for low-yield warheads. RUSSIA has released chilling new footage of its 7,000mph Zircon hypersonic nuke missile that could hit London in five minutes. It was rushed into production by the Trump administration and greenlighted byCongressin anticipation of a moment precisely like this one a Russian invasion of a friendly nation, where PresidentVladimir Putinsescalate to de-escalate doctrine could inch the worlds nuclear superpowers closer and closer to an exchange. Let me reassure the public: I do not think we are on the brink of a nuclear conflict, Smith said. Despite objections inCongress, primarily fromDemocrats, and arms control experts, the warhead was rushed into production in just 14 months and for a total of $94.6 million, according to theCongressional Research Service. It will not be manageable. Visit The Seattle Times at www.seattletimes.com. Both figures constitute marvels of efficiency from the production network of private contractors. But if you happen to live next to an ICBM silo, fear not. Creekmore. Dont expect to be able to grow a garden that first year in a suburban area during high levels of social unrest without lots of theft. Step 1 - call NATO. We have engineered plans to do just that here. To stave off any gains that advantageUkraine, Putin has bracketed the conflict with political red lines that threaten to tip the nuclear balance: No NATO combatants, no no-fly zone and no aerial intervention from neighboring states. It would take many steps of escalation forUkraineto turn into a nuclear exchange involvingRussiaand theU.S., according toHans Kristensen, who closely tracks nuclear forces worldwide at the nonprofitFederation of American ScientistsinWashington, D.C. As a practical matter, we have to arrive at a compromise between the cost of construction and shielding. Do the lowered ceiling on top of those 4 six foot high walls. The W76-2 packs a yield about one-third to one-half that of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and is not designed to be a city-destroyer, like some of its counterparts also in missiles silos, on planes and on the Bangor-based subs. I dont think theres a snowballs chance in hell that nuclear weapons would come into play in Ukraine. The yield of Poseidon may be up to 100 megatons, Shaun Burnie, a senior nuclear specialist at Greenpeace, told Newsweek in 2022. Let me reassure the public: I do not think we are on the brink of a nuclear conflict, Smith said. Radioactive fallout has been previously found to have a big impact on wildlife in the vicinity. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. "Russia may also rely on threats of limited nuclear first use, or actual first use, to coerce us, our allies, and partners into terminating a conflict on terms favorable to Russia," according. Read more: Russian state media says Putin's hypersonic missiles would instantly vaporize these 5 US targets. ", And another nuclear threat to the UK from Russian state TV's Dmitry Kiselyov:He says his country's Poseidon nuclear underwater drone could cause a tsunami that would "plunge the British Isles into the depths of the sea" and turn them into a "radioactive desert" (with subs) pic.twitter.com/usElgqHeIG, "Of course, the Poseidon torpedo is not the same as the bomb in the Baker test, so we can't say that the consequences would be the same. Or a worse senario, a nuclear bomb. & Cover that with a makeshift ceiling of 24 on 12 centers with plywood. It was sold as a strategic, prompt response to an early first use of a tactical weapon. That month, theU.S.armed its nuclear attack subs with the new W76-2 warhead, a fresh addition to the inventory that would change decision-making processes about the nuclear strategies ofWashington,Moscow,BeijingandPyongyang, North Korea. Avert your eyes immediately from even a distant explosion and duck behind anything that will shield you from the instantaneous line of sight radiation and intense heat and light. Do you have a question about nuclear tsunamis? It takes six simultaneous high altitude nuclear weapons exploding to blanket the entire US grid, not one. (Tribune News Service) Beneath the commercial and recreational vessels and island-bound ferries that navigatePuget Soundon any given day, something else swims secretly armed with a payload sufficient to permanently reshape a continent. Kiselyov is one of the main conduits of state televisions strongly anti-American tone, once saying Moscow could turn the United States into radioactive ash. This is precisely the moment the W76-2 warheads critics and proponents pondered as it was debated. Its a realistic scenario based on what U.S. intelligence knows about Moscows nuclear doctrine, described as escalate to de-escalate.. Posting comments is now limited to subscribers only. It consists of a map in which users can select a location and model the local impacts of a blast, while accounting for various factors, such as the power of the weapon and whether or not it detonates on (or near) the surface or up in the air. In 2019, the U.S. count of nuclear warheads saw its first year-over-year growth since 1996, according to the U.S. State Department. The United States says it has no immediate plans to deploy such missiles in Europe and has dismissed Putins warnings as disingenuous propaganda. Russia keeps door open on future talks about nuclear pact. Eight hulking Ohio-class nuclear submarines, each nearly as long as two football fields and armed with a spectrum of nuclear weapons, callNaval Base KitsapatBangoron theKitsap Peninsulahome. This map shows the essential points Russia would have to attack to wipe out the US's nuclear forces, according to Schwartz: The map represents targets for an all-out attack on the US's fixed nuclear infrastructure, weapons, and command-and-control centers, but even a massive strike like this wouldn't guarantee anything. Last year, in case you've already blacked it out, Trump met with the North Korean leader to discuss denuclearization. Instead of minimizing nuclear weapons, it emphasized them, even as significant arms-control accords between theU.S.andRussiacrumbled. One weapon in particular on those subs is at the apex of relevance in its short life: The W76-2, a reduced-payload nuclear warhead designed to counter Russia. They can cause severe scarring or disablement and can require amputation. Instead, its utility in the conflict inUkraineis to respond ifRussiauses a small nuke first. Based on Putins doctrine, Pentagon leaders worry Russia could resort to using nuclear weapons, especially the low-yield variety, if its conventional forces fall behind in the fight. Everyone Practices Cancel Culture | Opinion, Deplatforming Free Speech is Dangerous | Opinion. 2023 Stars and Stripes. However, radiation can and will spread around the globe if it enters the jet stream. This figureabout seven thousand times more than the nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshimamatches that given by Russian TV anchor Kiselyov. TELL YOUR FAMILY TO PREPARE time is running out. Beneath the still waters of Puget Sound, submarines loaded with nukes patrol the Kitsap Peninsula and beyond. That has fostered optimism among some nuclear scholars and key members of Congress that Russia and the United States will keep their nukes holstered. See the list below If the United States and Russia were to engage in direct air, land, and sea conflict, the risk of nuclear war would become much more likely. We are. These and the two Navy Weapons Stations in WA and GA, along with the COOP/COG bunkers in the Federal Arc west of DC will receive surface bursts, which cause massive fallout. The W76-2 warhead was born on paper in February 2018, on page 18 of former President Donald Trumps 100-page unclassified Nuclear Posture Review. But it could be applied to any use. Trumps Nuclear Posture Review mentions Russia by name as the adversary driving the U.S. to add the new warhead. This site participates in the Amazon Affiliates program, the proceeds of which keep it free for anyone to read. Hyping up a then-new hypersonic nuclear-capable missile, Russian state TV said the Pentagon, Camp David, Jim Creek Naval Radio Station in Washington, Fort Ritchie in Maryland, and McClellan Air Force Base in California, would be targets, according to Reuters. The Los Angeles-class attack submarine USS Bremerton (SSN 698) returns to its namesake at Naval Base Kitsaps Pier Delta on May 25, 2012. Farther east, at Joint Base Lewis . Patches of dry weather provided hikers forest refuge from the long Pacific Northwest winter. The report, unusual even by the sometimes bellicose standards of Russian state TV, was broadcast on Sunday evening, days after President Vladimir Putin said Moscow was militarily ready for a Cuban Missile-style crisis if the United States wanted one. It also called for a new nuclear warhead for sea-launched cruise missiles onNavyships. That amounts to 22 inches of concrete or 3 feet of dirt. Do you have a tip on a science story that Newsweek should be covering? The wikimedia map does look outdated. (Lawrence James Davis III/U.S. 1. Your wooden house and roofing materials are like paper to gamma rays, so not much shielding there either. That will only be possible in rural and secluded areas. Russia. Station Space Coming to King Street Station, Why the Left Will Continue to Lose on Homelessness, Lieutenant Uhura and the Death of American Progress. The average cost is $50k-$75k, and you can build a lot of basement for that price. In the Sunday evening broadcast, Dmitry Kiselyov, presenter of Russias main weekly TV news show Vesti Nedeli, showed a map of the United States and identified several targets he said Moscow would want to hit in the event of a nuclear war. The warhead was created to counter Russia, which relies heavily on tactical, or low-yield, nuclear weapons. I used the NukeMap set to the closest possible nuclear target to my location, that is Oak Ridge Tennessee and according to the map Im safe from the detonation blast of the largest Russia bomb the Tsar Bomba, however, thermal radiation could be an issue. "Some people think they destroy everything in the world all that once, some people think they are not very different from conventional bombs. This threat requires preparation to get to your secured home or retreat very quickly without getting caught in major traffic snarls. The NukeMap looks to be fairly accurate as to the blast area, fallout and damage but of course all any U.S. Nuclear Target Map can do is represent an educated guess as to effects of a nuclear blast from and to a given area. Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert during the invasion of Ukraine. Potential adversaries, like Russia, believe that employment of low-yield nuclear weapons will give them an advantage over the United States and its allies and partners, John Rood, Trumps undersecretary of defense for policy, said in February 2020. "We're just thinking about it.". I'm not saying Mr Putin won't order nuclear Putin using nukes will kill more Russians than Ukrainians. For more about the nuclear past and present, follow @wellerstein on Twitter, and read Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog. M.D. However, other experts disagree with this figure: "[That's] simply insanethat would be the biggest warhead ever deployed", David Hambling, a technology journalist specializing in defence, told EuroNews.next. Ive been interested in self-reliance topics for over 25 years. What Russia's nuclear escalation means for Washington state, with world's third-largest atomic arsenal By Patrick Malone The Seattle Times March 12, 2022 The guided-missile submarine, USS. According to a 2021 Congressional Research Service report, Russia possesses close to 2,000 tactical. For example, the Baker test in 1946 involved exploding a nuclear bomb beneath the water surface in a lagoon that created a huge crater in the reef that destroyed ecological life and resulted in a tsunami that either sunk or contaminated the test ships in the vicinity. MD, not overly happy with the Nuclear Target map from WikiCommons. Putin wasted no time escalating nuclear rhetoric after his military began its invasion of Ukraine just over two weeks ago, moving his arsenal to high alert on the fourth day. Between 1991 and 2002, there were fourteen confirmed cases of theft of weapons-useable nuclear material from Russia's nuclear stockpile. The Pentagon also canceled a scheduled test launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile days after Putins announcement. BellevuesU.S.Rep.Adam Smith, a Democrat and chairman of theHouse Armed Services Committee, worries that the warheads reduced yield would make it more tempting for a president to use. Although the modernization campaign began under the Obama administration, Trumps review strayed dramatically from the four presidents who preceded him. WASHINGTON Senators reacted with alarm to a new report that suggested Russian President Vladimir Putin could deploy a small, targeted nuclear bomb as his troops get bogged down . The simplest answer to this question . Note that you can drag the target marker after you have detonated the nuke. 7 One TASS report said that the HGV's nuclear warhead is "more than 2 megatons in TNT equivalent." 8 As a boost-glide weapon, the Avangard is carried to its apogee by a ballistic missile. The Center for Strategic and International Studies, a defense-oriented Washington, D.C., think tank, noted at the time of the posture reviews release that it appears to place increasing emphasis on nuclear weapons as an instrument of national power.. Join half a million readers enjoying Newsweek's free newsletters. Im the author of, Nuclear War Survival Skills: Lifesaving Nuclear Facts and Self-Help Instructions, No Such Thing As Doomsday: How to Prepare for Earth Changes, Power Outages, Wars & Other Threats, U.S. Nuclear Target Map (Do You Live In a Death Zone? Even if the rival nations refrain from trading nuclear strikes, Smith knows well that every twitch from a nuclear superpower creates a cascade of ripples to other nuclear-armed states, and could kick-start a new arms race. Although, I am not sure if I am scared . The new small-scale nuke was strapped on missiles in subs alongside its high-yield, city-busting cohorts, the W76-1 and W88. It will not be manageable. The defence secretary also warned Russia could, in theory, use so-called tactical nuclear weapons in the fight against Ukraine. Thats where having a rural retreat is a good long-term solution. "I created NUKEMAP because it's very hard for anyoneeven meto intuitively understand the sizes of nuclear explosions, much less the differences between different types of nuclear weapons," Wellerstein told Newsweek. If you do an extension to your home with a basement shelter underneath, label the basement part as non-livable storage only, and dont show any of the plumbing that might pertain to a future shelter. Potential adversaries, likeRussia, believe that employment of low-yield nuclear weapons will give them an advantage overthe United Statesand its allies and partners,John Rood, Trumps undersecretary of defense for policy, said inFebruary 2020. The rest are smaller, less destructive nuclear weapons for short-range use on battlefields or at sea. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. In cases of massive social unrest, you want to have the option of avoiding confrontation by hiding out in a concealed safe room with a steel security door, communications, and alternate battery-powered electricity. In this era when we know exactly what nuclear weapons are, and we have nuclear weapons five, 10, 20 times more potent than we had in World War II, introducing the idea of tactical nuclear weapons is dangerous. New presidents have been conducting these studies for a quarter century to adjust U.S. nuclear doctrine for changing times and to reflect their priorities. Putin has said Russia does not want a new arms race, but has also dialled up his military rhetoric. In the event they were attacked plus the wind changed, I dont know if fallout would drop or pass by overhead. Its an important moment for the entire country and the entire world, including Washington state, said Smith in an interview last week after being briefed by the Pentagon on the situation in Ukraine. MOSCOW (Reuters) - Russian state television has listed U.S. military facilities that Moscow would target in the event of a nuclear strike, and said that a hypersonic missile Russia is. Instead of minimizing nuclear weapons, it emphasized them, even as significant arms-control accords between the U.S. and Russia crumbled. Id be happy to replace with a better one. TheU.S.opted not to followRussiaslead and did not elevate the alert status of its nuclear weapons. But this does not mean Russia has thousands of long-range nuclear weapons ready to go.. If youre curious to know if youre living in a nuclear death zone then go over and give the NukeMap a try if nothing else youll be entertained for a few minutes. As you said, its easier to move outside the blast radius than to build a blast shelter. Your two basic choices are to buy a prefabricated tank style shelter that is buried underground, or to build a basement style shelter within your own home, or as an extension. Update: This article was originally published in 2017 but has since been updated and re-published amid concerns that the war in Ukraine could escalate to nuclear war. "Note, the reason there was no 'nuclear winter' following the myriad bomb-tests conducted by the U.S. and Russia during mid-century was because they were all detonated above the desert or ocean, intentionally away from cities which could burn. In the simulator description, Wellerstein said the aim of the educational tool was to help people visualize the impact of nuclear weapons in simple terms in order to help them gain an understanding of the scale of these blasts. Immediately following Richards testimony, Sen.Jim Inhofe, R-Okla., an outspoken supporter of the W76-2, tweeted: The time has come to look at what additional nuclear capabilities we need beforeChinaandRussialeave us behind.. Do you know of a better one that I can replace it with? By Scott Wong. This Survival Blog article discusses the relative protection factors for various materials. Those will be the only ones not blocked with traffic. RUSSIA has successfully tested an "unstoppable" 6,000mph nuclear missile primed to wipe out US cities if World War 3 breaks out. Nevermind. The new small-scale nuke was strapped on missiles in subs alongside its high-yield, city-busting cohorts, the W76-1 and W88. Eight hulking Ohio-class nuclear attack submarines, each nearly as long as two football fields and armed with a spectrum of nuclear weapons, call Naval Base Kitsap at Bangor on the Kitsap Peninsula home.
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